Inclusion Criteria:

• Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection
• Age between 18 and 90 years old
• Ability to provide written informed consent
• Ability to be compliant with the scheduled procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Another known gastrointestinal infection apart from C. difficile infection

  . Known active gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. infectious gastroenteritis, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, biliary salt diarrhoea)

• Previous colorectal surgery or cutaneous stoma

• Current or recent (< 6 weeks) therapy with drugs that could possibly alter gut microbiota (e.g. antimicrobials, probiotics)

• Decompensated heart failure or heart disease with ejection fraction lower than 30%

• Severe respiratory insufficiency

• Psychiatric disorders

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding

• Unable to give informed consent