Inclusion Criteria:

• Surgery groups:

  • Male and female, 21-64 yrs. of age
  • Drink at least 1 standard drink per month but no more than 7 per week (women or > 14 for men)
  • Underwent SG surgery 1-5 years ago

Non-surgery control group

• Male and female who did not undergo bariatric surgery
• Age , BMI, race , and alcohol pattern of consumption equivalent to participants in the SG surgery groups

Exclusion Criteria:

• For all groups (surgery and non-surgery groups)

  • Smoking or having quit smoking less than 2 months ago
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Taking any medications that might affect alcohol metabolism
  • Anemia
  • Gastritis, colitis, Crohn's Disease, malabsorptive diseases, inflammatory diseases, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer less than five years ago, stroke, or severe organ dysfunction
  • Body weight >450 pounds (because of a limit on body composition machine)
  • Alcohol use disorder
  • Regular use of drugs with addiction potential or regular misuse of substances
  • Abnormality on EKG as determined by a study physician to present a safety risk