Inclusion Criteria:

1. The age is above 18 years old and below 70 years old.
2. patients whose surgical sites were in the chest, abdomen, upper limbs or lower limbs, including lobectomy, cholecystectomy, gastrointestinal resection, hysterectomy and other elective operations.
3. This operation was the first operation during the hospitalization.
4. Consent to participate in this study and sign an informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a history of alcohol or drug addiction.
2. Patients with disturbance of consciousness before operation.
3. Other conditions considered by the attending physician or researcher to be inappropriate for the study;
4. History of chronic pain.
5. Abnormal coagulation function.