1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Research Institutions

   Inclusion Criteria:

   • Primary and secondary hospitals
   • Community health centers (stations) and clinics, as well as township health centers and village health clinics

   Exclusion Criteria:

   • Specialized medical institutions (such as specialized hospitals and dental clinics)
   • Public health prevention and treatment institutions (such as tuberculosis prevention centers)
   • Ethnic medicine institutions (such as Mongolian and Tibetan hospitals)
   • Hospitals above the secondary level
   • Hospitals that have not yet been graded (due to their short establishment time and potentially unstable operations)

2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for research subjects

Inclusion Criteria:

• Practicing (assistant) doctors and rural doctors working in medical institutions that meet the above conditions
• With a scope of practice only including general practice, internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics

Exclusion Criteria:

-None