Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged 18 years or older at the time of enrollment.

Diagnosed with acquired brain injury (ABI), including:

• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Brain tumor
• Ability to provide written informed consent (or via a legally authorized representative if necessary).
• Cognitive function preserved, defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 24.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.
• History of hearing impairments that could affect speech evaluation.
• Presence of additional neurological or neurodegenerative disorders other than the acquired brain injury.
• History of voice disorders or dysphonia prior to the acquired brain injury.
• Presence of persistent pharyngeal symptoms, such as mucus, secretions, or foreign body sensation, which may interfere with speech assessment.
• Participants unable to comply with the assessment protocol or complete the required sessions.
• Presence of apahasia that prevents participation in speech tasks, such as reading, repetition, or spontaneous speech priduction.