Gestational Diabetes

Birthweight below the 10th (small for gestational age or SGA) or above the 90th (large for gestational age or LGA) percentile for gestational age has been associated with adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. As birthweight reflects intrauterine development, accurate identification of abnormal fetal growth would allow obstetric providers to prevent adverse outcomes and mitigate complications associated with abnormal development. Symphysis fundal height (SFH) measured in centimeters after 24 weeks of gestation is recommended as the standard of care to screen for fetal growth abnormalities among low-risk pregnancies. This method is low-cost, and easy to perform, but there is a lack of evidence supporting its effectiveness due to its poor sensitivity. Ultrasonography, the technique utilized to identify fetal growth abnormalities, is a costly procedure which involves the use of advanced equipment and providers, to perform and review the ultrasound, as well as a full examination with multiple measurements and images. Despite a few encouraging reports, insufficient evidence supports routine 3rd trimester ultrasound in low- risk pregnancies to improve detection of abnormal fetal growth. Sonographic measurement of the abdominal circumference (AC) in the fetus was shown to be the single most useful indicator of fetal growth. Measurement of AC does not require extensive training, long time to acquire, or expensive ultrasound machines. It can be easily performed in the office by midwives who are specifically trained in obtaining the measurement. Therefore, we intended to evaluate if the use of bedside point of care ultrasound (POC-US) by midwives to evaluate fetal AC during routine antenatal visits in low-risk pregnancies would increase the accuracy of SFH in identifying fetuses with birthweight \< 10th or \> 90th, when compared to SFH alone. This is an open label, investigator sponsored, two arms randomized controlled trial. Patients who satisfy all inclusion criteria, have no exclusion criteria, and have signed the written informed consent will be randomly assigned to screening of fetal growth abnormalities during routine antenatal appointments held by midwives according to SFH or SFH + POC-US-AC. Low risk pregnant women are interviewed by a midwife at 35-38 weeks' gestation, who also reviews their medical and obstetrical history, prenatal labs and the ultrasound reports to discriminate between high and low-risk pregnancies. Patients who satisfy all inclusion criteria and do not have any exclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to one of two different approaches to identify fetal growth abnormalities and predict abnormal birthweight, after signing the written informed consent. Screening test in the control group: Symphysis fundal height measurement. Fundal height is measured by trained midwives at each scheduled antenatal appointment from the pubis symphysis to the top of the uterine fundus, using a paper measuring tape in centimeters. Size greater than dates is suspected if the measurement is above the 90th gestational age specific percentile according to the Intergrowth 21 SFH references (Papageorghiu 2016). Similarly, size less than dates is recorded if the measurement is below the 10th percentile for age according to the Intergrowth 21 SFH references (Papageorghiu 2016). Formal obstetric ultrasound is requested if the SFH is \> 90th percentile, if it is \< 10th , or if it drops 50 growth centiles in two subsequent evaluations. Screening test in the intervention group: Symphysis fundal height measurement + point of care ultrasound. After assessing SFH at each clinical encounter, the midwife will perform a POC-US to measure the fetal AC and evaluate the quantity of amniotic fluid. A positive screen for fetal growth restriction (indicative of a potential SGA infant) consists in a measured AC less than the 10th percentile for gestational age according to the standards defined by Nicolini et al in 1986 on an Italian population; instead, a positive screen for macrosomia (suggestive of a potential LGA infant) is an AC greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age according to the references set by Nicolini et al in 1996. Formal obstetric ultrasound is requested if the AC is \> 90th percentile, if it is \< 10th, or if it drops 50 growth centiles in two subsequent evaluations. Amniotic fluid volume will be evaluated determining the deepest vertical pocket (DVP). A formal US is requested in case uterine size is measured as ≤ than the 10th or ≥ than the 90th percentile for gestational age according to Intergrowth 21, when POC - US reveals AC \< 10th percentile, AC \> 90th percentile according to Nicolini et al, in case DVP \< 2 x 1 cm, or DVP \> 8 x 1 cm, or also if SFH or AC drop \> 50 percentiles comparing two subsequent evaluations. Patients randomized to SFH + POC-US will have a formal US if either technique suspects abnormal fetal growth. Formal US requested due to an abnormal screening test will be distinguished from scans ordered due to other indications, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or cholestasis of pregnancy diagnosed after enrollment. Hadlock' s references will be used to estimate fetal weight, and therefore to define FGR (i.e estimated fetal weight or AC \< 10th percentile) as well as macrosomia (i.e estimated fetal weight or AC \> 90th percentile). Prenatal evaluation of fetal growth will be compared to the birthweight percentile according to the INeS neonatal charts (Bertino 2010) to identify SGA, LGA and AGA (appropriate for gestational age) infants. After the initial evaluation low risk pregnancies are scheduled for antenatal appointments with a midwife at 40, 41 and 41+ weeks' gestation. All patients will have a POC-US by a midwife at 41, and 41+ weeks' gestation to screen for amniotic fluid abnormalities associated with protracted pregnancy, independently of the randomization arm. A midwife will perform SFH or SFH + POCT-US (according to randomization) at enrolment (35-38 weeks' gestation) and at 40 weeks. As sonographic assessment of fetal growth should not be performed more frequently than every 2 weeks due to the error associated with measurements; POC-US will only evaluate amniotic fluid volume at 41 and 41+3 weeks' gestation (unless the patient has missed a previous appointment), even among women randomized to SFH + POC-US. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the most accurate approach to identify prenatally those pregnancies that will result in SGA or LGA infants. Prenatal evaluation consists in a universal screening test for fetal growth abnormalities (either SFH or SFH + POC US) followed by a confirmatory test (formal obstetric US) performed only when the initial screening test is positive. Fetal growth or amniotic fluid abnormalities are diagnosed in utero if confirmed by a formal obstetric ultrasound, and not when only suspected by a screening test; in fact, the study seeks to evaluate what is the most accurate combination of screening and confirmatory tests, and not the effectiveness of the screening test alone.

This study involves all pregnant women who attended our antenatal clinic with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus requiring treatment. They will be randomised to either 1 or 2 hours post meal self blood glucose monitoring. The blood sugar profile is a staggered 7 points. They are followed up in the research clinic until delivery.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease commonly associated with obesity, which is an important risk factor for this condition. More than 80% of the diabetic subjects are obese. By analogy with the metabolic syndrome, the close association between obesity and T2D justifies the recognition of a new disease entity named by the neologism "diabesity". This study will examine the contribution of different genetic variants on "diabesity" development, by integrating multiple genomics approaches (linkage analysis on whole genome, transcriptomics and bioinformatics) and analysis of biological pathways in relevant animals models and humans.

The LINKED- HEARTS Program is a multi-level project that intervenes at the practice level by linking home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) with a telemonitoring platform (Sphygmo). The program incorporates team-based care by including community health workers (CHWs) and pharmacists to improve the outcomes of multiple chronic conditions (reduced blood pressure (BP), lower blood sugar, and improved kidney function). The LINKED-HEARTS Program will recruit a total of 600 adults with uncontrolled hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg) AND either type 2 diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD) across 16 community health centers or primary care practices serving high-risk adults. This cluster-randomized trial consists of two arms: (1) enhanced "usual care arm," wherein patients will be provided with Omron 10 series home BP monitors and will be managed by the patients' primary care clinicians as usual; and (2) the "intervention arm" which will integrate HBPM telemonitoring, a CHW intervention and provider-level interventions into the usual clinical care to improve BP control and provide support for self-management of chronic conditions. The study pharmacist will conduct telehealth, use the Sphygmo app and the Pharmacist Patient Care Process to collaborate with other providers to optimize pharmacologic therapy to improve hypertension outcomes and with payors to ensure consistent access to drug therapy.

TQF3250 capsule is a biased GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist developed by Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. By binding to the GLP-1 receptor, it can selectively activate certain signaling pathways of the GLP-1 receptor and reduce activation of other pathways, thereby bringing higher efficacy and lower side effects.

The goal of this clinical study is to investigate the efficacy of a Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) liquid on postprandial glucose (PPG) excursion compared to a placebo following a standardized acute carbohydrate load. The main question it aims to answer is: Is there a difference in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) (from 0 - 120 mins following administration) for venous blood glucose between Bragg ACV liquid and placebo following an acute carbohydrate load. Participants will \[describe the main tasks participants will be asked to consume 750 mg of Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) liquid or water and undergo a blood draw to measure glucose, insulin, and future analysis markers.

Study Description: This study will examine the relationships between comprehensively measured resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, and body surface area (BSA) in a wide range of healthy and diseased individuals. Objectives: Primary Objectives: * To compare estimated and measured BSA. * To determine if measured BSA is associated with REE independent of body composition measures Endpoints: Primary Endpoints: * Mean difference and limits of agreement at baseline between measured BSA and predicted BSA calculated from traditional biometrics such as height and weight. * Increase in R\^2 when measured BSA is added to equations predicting REE.

Investigators are using a pseudo randomized yoked design and will include two groups: choice of intervention strategy or no-choice. If the individual is randomized to no choice, then the next person would get a choice and the no choice person would be assigned to the group yoked (matched) to the person with a choice. Participants assigned to the choice group will choose one of three intervention strategies provided; either Group A (receiving both nutrition and exercise simultaneously), B (starting with nutrition and receiving exercise sequentially followed by nutrition starting at 25 weeks) or C (starting with nutrition first and then introducing exercise sequentially at 25 weeks). All groups will follow the full NELIP until delivery. Participants in the no-choice group will be yoked (matched) to a participant in the choice group and receive the strategy that their yoked counterparts chose. Nutrition component of NELIP: This component is a modified gestational diabetic meal plan that has four general goals tailored to the participant: (1) to achieve approximately 2000 kcal of energy per day. The determination of the amount of kcal consumed per day will consider the participant's intake from the dietary assessment. There also must not be a restriction of calories that exceeds 30% of their total energy intake; (2) participants will consume approximately 200-250g/day of carbohydrates, accounting for approximately 40-55% of total energy intake. Carbohydrate intake will be distributed throughout three meals and four snacks daily. The nutritionist will educate participants about the importance of complex and low-glycemic index carbohydrates through the one-on-one session; (3) fat and protein intake will be approximately 30% and 20-30% of total energy intake, respectively; (4) achieve appropriate micronutrient and fluid intake for pregnancy. This will be monitored by a weekly 24 hour food intake record. Exercise component of NELIP: This is a walking program that comprises of 1 weekly supervised session on a treadmill or outside and participants will be recommended to walk 2 to 3 additional times per week. The walking program will start at 25 minutes per session, 3 to 4 times weekly, and increase by 2 minutes per week until 40 minutes and then maintained until delivery. This will be monitored by a wrist monitoring device. The primary outcome is adherence measured weekly using a published adherence protocol using a point system. Secondary outcomes are participant satisfaction to the program and health outcomes: weekly weight gain, calculated EGWG, and pregnancy outcomes (birth weight length, infant anthropometrics, APGAR scores and delivery complications). At 2, 6 and 12 months of age the maternal-infant dyad will return to the lab and infant morphometric measurements recorded from birth will be repeated.

This study will be conducted to compare the efficacy, safety and patient-reported outcome of GZR4 and Insulin Icodec with or without Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Agents in subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) treated with basal insulin.

The current prospective cohort study aims to investigate the dynamic serum kisspeptin levels in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) at different trimesters of pregnancy, to analyze the associations between serum kisspeptin, insulin, glucose and testosterone, and to explore the predictive value of kisspeptin for GDM and other complications in PCOS patients.