1. Aged ≥18 years;
2. Presence of at least one mediastinal lesion (short-axis diameter ≥10 mm) confirmed by thin-slice chest CT;
3. Patients who have not undergone prior mediastinal biopsy and require further mediastinal biopsy to confirm etiology or pathological subtype, meeting at least one of the following criterias:

(1) suspected lung cancer diagnosed by two senior physicians; (2) confirmed lung cancer (requiring mediastinal staging); (3) recurrent lung cancer; 4.Patients must have completed all required preoperative laboratory tests and necessary examinations (e.g., cardiac ultrasound, CTA) to rule out contraindications; 5. Patients are informed and capable of providing written informed consent.

1. Presence of severe cardiopulmonary disease, coagulation disorders, massive hemoptysis, poor tolerance to anesthesia, or other contraindications related to bronchoscopy;
2. Intraoperative endobronchial ultrasound exploration of the lesion failed to detect the target lesion despite > 20 minutes of attempts;
3. Lesions identified as abscesses or cysts;
4. Presence of mental illness, severe neurosis, or other conditions that preclude the provision of informed consent;
5. Patients who have participated in other clinical trials within 3 months;
6. Any other conditions considered to be inappropriate to be involved in this trial.