What this Trial Is About

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to have unmet dental needs. Due to hypersensitivity and oral defensiveness, new or unexpected stimuli during dental examinations often precipitate anxiety and stress. These dental barriers often exacerate the difficulties in managing ASD children during periodic comprehensive dental reviews, which are essential for prevention, early identification and management of oral problems, and maintenance of good oral health. Social story is a training approach constituting short stories and visual cues designed to convey information in a step-by-step manner, to help ASD children know what to expect and how to behave in different situations in daily life, and to gradually allow them to adjust to essential daily tasks. Our previous publications reported the success of social stories in improving oral health among ASD children, but its use in improving their experience in dental care and reducing their dental fear were only been validated in small-scale trials. Our team has developed and validated a dental-visit social story (DVSS) in collaboration with a review panel comprising of paediatric dentist, clinical psychiatrist and psychologist, speech and hearing therapist, dental practitioner, occupational therapist, social worker, and caregivers and teachers of ASD preschool children. A randomised controlled trial is conducted to compare and evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost benefits of DVSS among ASD preschool children. ASD preschool children are recruited and randomly allocated into two groups after baseline examination. Group 1 will receive class-integrated DVSS at baseline and then weekly class-integrated social story reinforcement sessions at the first two months, whereas Group 2 will receive 8 weekly social stories reinforcement on an unrelated topic. Both groups will be examined at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months with conventional non-pharmacological behavioural management techniques (CNPBMT). The outcome domains to be evaluated include the time required for the ASD preschool children to complete a compreheisve dental exams, their cooperativeness and anxiety levels during the dental examination, and cost benefits when class-integrated social stories were used with CNPBMT, versus CNPBMT alone. The knowledge generated can be translated into practice, addressing the current dental barriers and improving patient care among ASD children.

Improving Autistic Children's Experiences of Dental Care With Class-integrated Social Story