Gamasa City

Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide and a major contributor to long-term disability, particularly affecting upper limb function in about 70% of survivors. Among post-stroke complications, hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is notably challenging, affecting 30-65% of patients and often resulting from structural injuries, poor posture, or conditions like rotator cuff impingement and shoulder-hand syndrome. HSP is linked to reduced arm function, depression, and diminished quality of life. Therapeutic approaches such as TECAR therapy and therapeutic ultrasound aim to alleviate pain and promote tissue healing through deep heat and mechanical effects. Assessment tools like the algometer, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), digital goniometer, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)-including its validated Arabic version-are reliable methods for evaluating pain, joint mobility, and functional disability in stroke patients.