Jamshoro

Recurrent Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, commonly known as strep throat, frequently affect children aged 3 to 10 years and cause symptoms such as sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. These infections spread easily in close-contact settings like schools and daycare centers, often leading to repeated episodes. While antibiotics are typically used to manage these infections, their use can lead to antibiotic resistance, disrupt gut bacteria, and cause side effects. This research evaluates a probiotic treatment using a modified strain called Streptococcus salivarius eK12 (marketed as BactoblisAE EVOL) to prevent recurrent strep throat without relying on antibiotics. Participants will receive the probiotic BactoblisAE EVOL, which contains one billion colony-forming units of Streptococcus salivarius eK12. The study aims to assess whether using this probiotic can reduce the frequency and severity of strep throat episodes in children with a history of recurrent infections. This trial is randomized and double-blind, comparing the probiotic's preventive effects against recurrent GAS pharyngotonsillitis in children. Children will be monitored over six months to track the recurrence of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngotonsillitis and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the probiotic. Researchers will assess infection rates, symptom severity, and any side effects during this period. The study involves regular follow-ups to ensure adherence and to collect data on the probiotic's impact on preventing strep throat in this pediatric population.

Researchers are examining the biological features of early operable primary breast cancer specifically in the Pakistani population using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The study focuses on understanding molecular pathways and treatment aspects related to breast cancer in this group. The goal is to correlate molecular patterns with breast cancer-specific survival over a 10-year period. All participants in this study undergo molecular characterization through a procedure involving surgical treatment. Only patients who have not received any neoadjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery, are included. The study collects good quality tumor samples for IHC analysis to evaluate molecular characteristics. Participants are involved through collection of tumor samples during surgery, with no prior pre-operative chemotherapy or radiotherapy allowed. Researchers will monitor breast cancer-specific survival in relation to molecular patterns for up to 10 years. This long-term follow-up helps assess the relationship between molecular features and patient outcomes.