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This research aims to gather and analyze data about two methods used to take small tissue samples from the esophagus: biopsies taken with forceps and brush biopsies. The study focuses on patients with heartburn or Barrett's esophagus, a condition that can lead to cancer. The goal is to understand how these biopsy methods may help doctors predict the development of precancerous changes or cancer over five years. Participants will undergo standard clinical care involving an upper endoscopy, during which both forceps and brush biopsies of the esophagus will be taken. These biopsy results will be collected and recorded in a research database for five years to observe their impact on medical decisions and patient outcomes. The study is observational and does not involve additional treatments beyond usual care. During the study, participants' biopsy results will be monitored and recorded over a five-year period. Researchers will assess how the biopsy findings influence care decisions and whether either biopsy method can predict disease progression. Participants will continue their routine medical visits and evaluations as part of this long-term observation, with all study-related data collected to support research goals.

Researchers are evaluating the outcomes of two treatments for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication (LSS with NC) in Medicare beneficiaries. This observational study compares the rates of surgical and minimally invasive interventions, as well as any harms, occurring within 24 months after receiving either the MILD procedure or Interspinous Process Decompression (IPD). The study uses Medicare claims data starting from patients treated on or after January 1, 2017, and continues enrollment until the sponsor stops it. The study groups include Medicare patients who underwent the MILD procedure, which involves a partial decompression performed under fluoroscopic image guidance through the removal of tissue and bone at the symptomatic spinal level. The control group consists of Medicare patients treated with Interspinous Process Decompression during the same enrollment period. Both groups are monitored for reoperation and harms for 24 months following their initial treatment. Participants are included based on Medicare claims with the study's NCT number, which automatically enrolls them without requiring prior consent. Researchers will analyze Medicare claims data to track surgical or minimally invasive interventions and any complications related to the initial procedure over two years. The study does not involve direct patient visits or interventions and is exempt from Institutional Review Board oversight. The total follow-up duration for outcome measurement is 24 months after the index procedure.