Inclusion Criteria

• Aged 65 years or older

• Treated for mild TBI (defined below) at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center (STC) or at one of six University of Maryland Affiliated Hospitals within 72 hours of injury

• Mild TBI was defined as:

  • Traumatically induced physiological disruption of brain function, as manifested by at least one of the following 1) loss of consciousness ≤30 minutes, post-traumatic amnesia <24 hours, observed or self-reported transient confusion, disorientation, or impaired consciousness, or neurologic deficit as defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-14 on admission.
  • GCS of 15 with no other evidence of mild TBI was also accepted with positive computed tomography image.

Exclusion criteria

• Injury to any other body region resulting in an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score >2
• Anticipation that patient would not be ambulatory at 2-weeks post-injury
• History of dementia as determined by patient/proxy report or medical history
• Non-ambulatory pre-injury
• No available proxy
• Not English speaking
• Prisoners
• Live >55 miles from the STC.

History of severe allergic reactions to study medication Currently pregnant or breastfeeding Recent participation in another clinical trial within the last 30 days Presence of uncontrolled medical conditions that could affect safety