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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton. The most frequent axSpA symptom is chronic, often inflammatory back pain that might be difficult to distinguish from other causes of chronic back pain. Many participants report persistent pain, including back pain, which impacts disease activity and and impairs quality of life while evoking typical disease burden such as sleep disturbance, social isolation, loss of productivity, as well as anxiety and depression. This study will assess the real-world effectiveness of upadacitinib on early and sustained disease control, and the association between pain and clinical/patient-reported outcomes in axSpA participants. Upadacitinib is being developed for the treatment of axSpA. Approximately 352 adult participants with active axSpA will be enrolled in Germany. Participants will receive oral upadacitinib tablets as prescribed by the physician prior to enrolling in this study in accordance with the terms of the local marketing authorization and professional and reimbursement guidelines with regards to dose, population and indication. The overall duration of the study is approximately 52 weeks. There may be a higher burden for participants in this study compared to usual standard of care due to study procedures. Participants will attend regular visits per routine clinical practice. The effect of the treatment will be checked by medical assessments, checking for side effects, and questionnaires.

SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND: Gout is one of the most common rheumatic diseases, affecting 3-6% of men and 1-2% of women in western countries. Due to the severe pain and impaired quality of life, the individual burden of disease during an acute gout attack is very high. Currently, there are several approved medications available for the treatment of acute gout attacks. The EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) guideline recommends colchicine as the drug of first choice for acute gout attacks. But according to it, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids can also be used. In contrast, DEGAM (German Society for General Medicine and Family Medicine) recommends using prednisolone. Most commonly, gout attacks are treated in general practices. However, studies on the treatment of acute gout attacks have so far been conducted mainly in specialised centres, and thus in a selective patient group. The gold standard for the diagnosis of gout in rheumatology centres is the detection of monosodium urate crystals in aspirated joint fluid. In primary care, however, the diagnosis of gout is made on the basis of clinical symptoms alone. Because of the risk of injury and infection, joint puncture is not usually performed on patients in a general practice setting. Prednisolone and low-dose colchicine were selected for the study due to a high prevalence of patients with contraindications to NSAIDs, including, cardiovascular disease, oral anticoagulation, chronic kidney disease or a history of gastrointestinal disease. Approximately 20-30% of patients with gout are poorly suited for NSAID administration and in previous studies, those patients were excluded. RESEARCH QUESTION: This non-inferiority trial is going to investigate whether prednisolone (treatment drug) is comparable or only acceptably worse than treatment with colchicine (comparator drug). Both treatments will be compared on the basis of the absolute pain scores achieved on day 3 of follow-up. Unlike most studies conducted in tertiary care centres, this study is going to be set in primary care. The dosage of the study's medications will be according to the recommendations of the EULAR and DEGAM guidelines. Both drugs are in tablet form. Since a preference of the treating physicians regarding the use of prednisolone or colchicine is suspected, the study will be conducted in a double-blinded manner. Due to the different intake regimen, placebos will be used in addition to the effective medications (double-dummy method). DUAL ENERGY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: The dual energy computed tomography (DECT) is able to detect monosodium urate crystals. The amount of monosodium urate crystals in the joint (volume) is an indicator of disease burden and can also be used to make treatment decisions regarding uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) to avoid the occurrence of potential future gout attacks. Although imaging techniques, such as DECT, show promise in classifying symptomatic gout, studies to date are small and mainly involve people with long-standing, established disease from a hospital setting. In those with the first acute gout attack, diagnostic sensitivity ranges from 35.7 % to 61.5 %. Due to the unclear diagnostic sensitivity in first attacks, the DECT examination will not be mandatory in the present study. It will be offered to all participants as optional. About 10% of the participants are expected to have a gout attack in the hand. Since the joints of the feet are the main site of manifestation of acute gout attacks, crystal deposits in the feet are also expected in these study participants. In order to ensure comparability of the volume measurement, the dual energy CT examination is therefore limited to the feet. The aim of the dual energy CT examination is to describe the frequency and volume of monosodium urate crystals in patients with gout in primary care. In a sensitivity analysis, the primary endpoint in patients with positive DECT findings will be analysed. Furthermore, the association between the duration of gout diagnosis and crystal volume as a marker for disease burden will be investigated. The investigation of the frequency and volume of monosodium urate crystals provides the basis for the design of further studies on the usefulness of DECT for the indication and monitoring of uric acid-lowering therapies in primary care. STUDY PROCEDURE: During the study, the participants will attend their General Practitioner's practice twice (baseline and one-off on day 6-8), as well as, an optional visit for a DECT at the university medical centre in the local region (Greifswald or Göttingen; day 7-13) and a one-off telephone interview on day 27-34. The study period for the individual participant will be 4 weeks. On day 0 (day of first presentation at the general practice), patients with an acute gout attack in the hand or foot present to their general practitioner. If the diagnosis of gout is confirmed and patients are eligible for participation in the study, they will be consented and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. While patient group 1 is treated with prednisolone for 5 days, patient group 2 receives colchicine for 5 days. So that neither the patient nor the general practitioner knows the allocation, both treatment groups also receive a placebo (dummy medication). A laboratory test will also be performed to determine serum uric acid levels, as well as, inflammatory markers and renal function. The aim of blood collection and determination of laboratory parameters is to descriptively describe the patient population and to perform subgroup analyses with regard to the primary endpoint. During days 1 to 6, patients are requested to complete a patient diary. The primary and secondary endpoints (pain, joint swelling, joint tenderness) and, if further analgesia is needed, the use of additional pain medication will be recorded in the diary. Participants who have a blood pressure monitor will be asked to measure and record their blood pressure daily. On day 6, the patients are also asked to assess potential functional limitations caused by the gout attack and to give a global assessment of the treatment success. After one week, patients return for their follow-up visit (visit 2) to their general practitioners. They are examined again and are asked to return their study diary and any remaining medication packets. After 4 weeks, the patients will be contacted by telephone by our study nurses and asked about the clinical course of their gout attack (recurrence of an acute gout attack, further treatment, duration of incapacity to work, adverse events). The telephone call lasts about 15 minutes. In addition, study participants will receive the optional offer to have a one-time dual-energy CT examination of their feet on days 7-13 to check for the presence of uric acid crystals. Imaging of both feet using a Siemens Dual Source SOMATOM Definition Flash or SOMATOM Force will be performed.