BRAF Gene Mutation

Despite substantial progress made in the first- and second line mCRC settings, there are still unmet clinical needs for patients harboring BRAFV600E mutations, especially those with microsatellite stability (MSS) / proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) tumor. The overall survival and access to different treatment in the real-life setting are unknown. Moreover, patient prognosis remains poor and therapeutic resistance to combinations with BRAF inhibitors, is at present, nearly universal. Therefore, it seems essential to prospectively collect clinical and biological data about this rare mCRC subtype. These data will allow us to improve knowledge and to identify clinical and biological factors that could drive therapeutic decisions, predict resistance to treatments, and that are prognostic for survival. In this context, we designed this large, prospective, cohort study to collect clinical data and biological samples to be used for research but also to gather real-world clinical data concerning the treatments and the survival outcomes in patients with BRAFV600E mCRC. This collection of clinical and biological data (tumor tissue and blood samples) will allow us to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers with several research work packages planned: i. To evaluate the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) during the metastatic first-, second-, and third-line treatment to: * Evaluate its positive and negative predictive value. * Identify molecular alterations preceding and explaining clinical resistance during BRAF/EGFR inhibition therapy and immunotherapy. ii. To evaluate BRAFV600E mCRC immune environment both at the tumor and blood level (immunomonitoring). iii. To study specific the dMMR/MSI BRAFV600E subgroup. Furthermore, the data collected will describe the therapeutic management of BRAFV600E mCRC patients in the routine-practice setting which will bring very useful data. The results of the COBRAF study could lay the groundwork to better understand BRAFV600E mCRC and to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers helping the development of new therapeutic approaches in this population.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally. BRAF V600E mutations occur in approximately 12% of metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients, conferring an extremely poor prognosis with a median overall survival (OS) of only 11 months for standard chemotherapy. Most BRAF V600E-mutant mCRC are microsatellite stable (MSS) and do not benefit from single-agent PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. Preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that BRAF inhibition in combination with EGFR blockade can induce DNA damage, trigger a deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) phenotype, and increase tumor mutational burden (TMB), thereby sensitizing MSS tumors to immune checkpoint inhibition. This provides a strong rationale for combining BRAF/EGFR inhibitors with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy. This is a single-arm, open-label, Phase II clinical trial. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the triplet combination of sintilimab (anti-PD-1), ipilimumab N01 (anti-CTLA-4), cetuximab (anti-EGFR), and dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) in patients with MSS, BRAF V600E-mutant mCRC.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether avutometinib is a safe treatment for advanced or recurrent solid tumor cancers in children and young adults. Researchers will look for the highest dose of avutometinib that is safe and cause few or mild side effects.

Previous studies have shown that BRAFV600E mutant mCRC patients have a shorter survival time than BRAF wild type mCRC patients. For Chinese patients, however, it remains unclear about the BRAF gene mutation rate, diagnosis, prognosis and survival data in people with BRAFV600E mutant mCRC . This real-world, multicenter non-interventional study (NIS) will describe the mutation rate, treatment patterns, effectiveness and safety of current treatment regimens in BRAFV600E mutant mCRC patients in China.

The objective of this Master Protocol is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of plixorafenib in participants with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, or recurrent or progressive primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors harboring BRAF fusions, or in participants with rare BRAF V600-mutated solid tumors, melanoma, thyroid, or recurrent primary CNS tumors.

The study includes two parts, a dose escalation part (Part A) followed by a dose expansion part (Part B). Part A will estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in dose escalation cohorts in patients with advanced solid tumors for whom no standard therapy is available in order to establish the recommended dose for expansion (RDE). Successive cohorts of subjects will receive escalating doses of NST-628 orally once daily in 28-day cycles. Bayesian Optimal Interval (BOIN) method will be used for dose escalation. Once MTD is reached or dose escalation is stopped prior to reaching MTD and provisional RDE selected, the provisional RDE level will be expanded. If warranted by dose/toxicity/anti-tumor activity observations, additional, lower dose level(s) may also be expanded. Part B of the study will include up to 6 cohorts of approximately up to 30 subjects each with select MAPK pathway mutant solid tumors enrolled at the RDE in order to explore benefit from treatment as suggested by preclinical findings and will better define the safety profile of NST-628 at the RDE. Additional safety information gathered in Part B may be used to modify the dose recommended for future studies. The end of the study is the last visit of the last subject.

The purpose of this study is to assess rate of disease relapse and hazard rate of disease relapse after neoadjuvant therapy based on the statuses of pathologic complete response or non-pathologic complete response, and postoperative adjuvant therapy.

Molecular heterogeneity in cancer tumours make it a complex disease to manage and treat. However, there have been significant advancements made in the detection of molecular alterations and we are able to now define distinct disease subtypes which permit targeted selection of therapies, thus optimizing treatment responses for patients and improving their survival. With CARMA-BROS we will address the objectives that follow. Primary Objectives: 1. To create a cohort of patients through which to better understand the natural history of disease in Canadian cancer patients with tumours that have been molecularly subtyped and identified to have rare molecular alterations. 2. To compare the natural history, stage distribution, treatment outcomes such as treatment effectiveness (composite of disease progression or death) and treatment toxicities across different patients with different molecular alterations, receiving different lines and types of therapy. Secondary Objectives: 3. To determine the incidence, time to development, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with specific patterns of spread, such as brain metastases compared to those without, by different therapies and by molecular alterations. 4. To better understand real-world treatment patterns of rare molecular alterations in the Canadian context, across geographic or other factors, and how treatment patterns evolve over time and as new therapies become available, how patients are investigated and how targeted and other biomarkers are used as part of clinical practice in these patients. 5. To assess quality of life in patients with rare molecular alterations across different stages, lines and types of therapy. 6. To perform exploratory health economic evaluations focused on the costs and benefits of managing patients with rare molecular alterations. 7. To perform biomarker analyses, where appropriate, to improve our understanding of these rare molecular alterations.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: Ⅰ. To observe the proportion of patients with ameloblastoma requiring mandibular segmental resection at initial diagnosis who can convert to mandibular preservation surgery after preoperative induction therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib. Ⅱ.To observe the proportion of cases initially deemed non-radical resectable Surgery that become resectable SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: Ⅰ. Radiological response Ⅱ. Pathological response Ⅲ. Local recurrence-free survival(LRFS) Ⅳ.Feasibility and safety in this patient population OUTLINE: Dabrafenib: Dosage: 150 mg twice daily (total daily dose of 300 mg). Administration: Must be taken in combination with trametinib until disease progression or intolerable toxicity occurs. Administer at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal, with approximately 12 hours between doses. Take at the same time each day. If a dose is missed and less than 6 hours remain until the next dose, the missed dose should not be taken. When used in combination with trametinib, take trametinib once daily at the same time as the morning or evening dose of dabrafenib. Do not open, crush, or break the capsules. Trametinib: Dosage: 2 mg once daily orally, in combination with dabrafenib, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity occurs. Administration: Administer at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Take at the same time each day. If a dose is missed, it should be taken no later than 12 hours before the next scheduled dose. If less than 12 hours remain until the next dose, the missed dose should not be taken. When used in combination with dabrafenib, take trametinib once daily at the same time as the morning or evening dose of dabrafenib. Do not chew or crush the tablets. Treatment Cycle: Cycle Length: Each cycle lasts 30 days. Initial Follow-Up: Follow-up after each of the first two cycles with a consultation, physical examination, imaging studies, and relevant laboratory tests to evaluate drug toxicity, safety, and tumor shrinkage rate. Adjustment and Transition to Surgery: Toxicity Management: If intolerable drug toxicity or adverse reactions occur that cannot be managed by dose adjustment, discontinue treatment immediately and switch to traditional surgical treatment. Post Two-Cycles Evaluation: After the first two cycles, if intolerable adverse reactions persist or the tumor continues to progress despite dose adjustments, switch to traditional surgical treatment. If the tumor does not progress, continue long-term medication. Long-Term Treatment Follow-Up: Follow-Up Schedule: Conduct follow-up evaluations every two cycles, including consultations, physical examinations, imaging studies, and relevant laboratory tests to evaluate drug toxicity, safety, and tumor shrinkage rate. Criteria for Surgery: If tumor shrinkage reaches a plateau or the patient meets the criteria for mandibular preservation surgery, and the surgical plan is confirmed independently by at least two chief physicians in the department, record this in the case report form and discontinue the medication in preparation for scheduled surgery.

Brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) are a rare event reported in less than 3% of patients with CRC (the reported incidence ranges from 0.27 to 3%). This course is associated with a poor prognosis. Treatment of these patients remains challenging. Nevertheless, given the rarity of the event, at this time not enough is known about molecular biology of BM from colorectal cancer and its concordance with matched primary tumors. In N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology over 26 years (1998-2024) identified 108 patients with BM from CRC. Of this number, 72 patients had a history of neurosurgical resection of BM. In turn, for 32 patients access to a pair of tumor samples: from the primary tumor and from intracranial metastases. Tumor samples will be tested for mutation status of genes KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, HER2 and MSI. Analysis was limited to this pool of genes because of their clinical relevance and potential prognostic information. The molecular profile of the BM will be compared with the corresponding primary tumor with calculation of concordance rate (%).