Cataplexy

This study is a long-term extension (LTE) of the parent Study ORX750 0201, and will provide long-term open-label safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ORX750 in participants with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH).

The purpose of this study is to continue to measure the safety, tolerability, and durability of treatment effect in subjects with Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), Narcolepsy Type 2 (NT2), or Idiopathic Hypersomnia (IH) when taking ALKS 2680 tablets.

Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), Narcolepsy Type 2 (NT2), and Idiopathic Hypersomnia (IH) are rare conditions that make people feel very sleepy during the day (often referred to as excessive daytime sleepiness \[EDS\]). People living with these conditions might find it hard to stay alert and pay attention when they are at school, working, driving, or performing other daily activities. While all conditions result in feeling sleepy, there are some differences in other common symptoms: * NT1: People with NT1 often feel very tired during the day and experience cataplexy. Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle strength, which can cause someone to collapse or lose control of their muscles for a short time. This is often triggered by strong emotions, such as laughter or surprise. They may also have trouble sleeping well at night. * NT2: People with NT2 feel sleepy during the day, just like NT1, but they do not have cataplexy. * IH: People with IH feel tired during the day, even after sleeping a lot at night. They may sleep for long periods, take long naps, and find it hard to wake up. Orexin is a protein in the brain that helps coordinate a system that plays an important role in helping people to stay awake during the daytime. Cleminorexton (also known as ORX750) is designed to mimic the action of orexin. The purpose of this study is to see how safe and tolerable ORX750 is in NT1, NT2, and IH, and learn about what the drug does to the body. Another goal of the study is to see if ORX750 can help people with NT1, NT2, and IH feel less sleepy and make other symptoms better.

The drug being tested in this trial is called TAK-861. TAK-861 is being tested to treat people who have narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). This trial will look at the safety of TAK-861 along with improvement in narcolepsy symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and number of cataplexy episodes. This trial was initiated in parallel with the parent phase 2 trials, TAK-861-2001 (NCT05687903) and TAK-861-2002 (NCT05687916), which included participants with NT1 and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), respectively. This long-term extension (LTE) trial enrolled participants with both diagnoses from the two phase 2 trials. As the TAK-861-2002 trial did not meet prespecified criteria, all participants with NT2 were discontinued, and moving forward this extension study only includes participants with NT1 who previously completed a parent trial. Parent trials include all TAK-861 phase 3 trials in addition to the phase 2 trial participants from TAK-861-2001. The trial will enroll up to 500 participants. All participants in the trial will receive TAK-861. Participants who were previously on a placebo dose will be assigned to one of the TAK-861 doses randomly. This multi-center trial will be conducted worldwide. Study period is approximately 5 years or until the study is stopped at the sponsor's discretion, or the product is approved and launched. Participants will make multiple visits to the clinic (with some visits optionally conducted by home health) and will have a follow-up assessment 4 weeks after the last dose of trial intervention.

The purpose of this study is to measure decreases in daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), and disease symptoms in participants with NT1 when taking ALKS 2680 tablets compared with placebo tablets.

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the optimal doses of E2086 compared to placebo in participants with narcolepsy for reduction of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as assessed by Mean Sleep Latency (MSL) (measured from the first 4 maintenance of wakefulness tests \[MWTs\]).

The drug being tested in this study is called TAK-861. This study will look at how effective TAK-861 is for the treatment of narcolepsy type 1 and how well this effect is maintained over time. This study also evaluates how safe TAK-861 is and what adverse events may be associated with taking the drug and stopping the drug in participants with NT1. The study will enroll approximately 88 participants. All participants will take TAK-861 during the open-label (OL) treatment period. Participants who meet certain criteria at the end of the OL Treatment Period will be randomized to one of two treatment groups for the up to 4-week double-blind randomized withdrawal (RW) Period. Participants will be randomized to one of the following treatment groups during the Double-blind RW Period: 1. TAK-861 (same dose participant was taking at the end of the OL Treatment Period) 2. Placebo The randomized withdrawal period may last up to 4 weeks. Participants whose NT1 symptoms get worse during the RW period and whose Epworth Sleepiness Scale score rises above a certain score will stop the treatment and be invited to continue in a separate long term extension study. Participants who choose not to take part in the extension study will be followed-up for 4 weeks after their last dose of study drug. This multi-center trial will be conducted globally.

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare disease characterized by severe drowsiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, poor night sleep, and often obesity. NT1 is caused by irreversible loss of orexin (ORX)/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with decreased ORX levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the underlying process leading to this destruction remains unclear; an autoimmune origin is suspected. The study authors recently compared the bacterial communities of the fecal microbiota of NT1 patients and control subjects. Initial results demonstrated a difference in overall bacterial community structure in NT1 compared to controls, as assessed by beta diversity, even after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The Shannon biodiversity index was also correlated with the duration of NT1 disease. However, no association was found between the structure of the microbial community and the clinical characteristics of NT1 patients. In 2022, a second study from the SOMNOBANK cohort on a larger population confirmed these results, showing dysbiosis between NT1 patients and the control population. The altered intestinal microbial diversity supports the important role of the environment in the development and pathogenesis of NT1. Other studies have established a link between dysbiosis, intestinal permeability and inflammation in other neuroimmune pathologies. Currently, no study has focused on these phenomena of bacterial translocation, intestinal permeability and immune activation linked to the microbiota in type 1 narcolepsy patients. The study hypothesis is that NT1 patients with dysbiosis in their intestinal microbiota also present a bacterial translocation with an intestinal origin, leading to a systemic inflammatory syndrome favoring an autoimmune damage destroying hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus. The study authors suspect that microbial elements (DNA) involved in the autoimmune process could be detected in the CSF. This bacterial translocation could vary over time depending on: i) the progression of the disease and its management; ii) changing dysbiosis and: iii) the increase in intestinal permeability and inflammation.

CATNAP is a patient registry designed to improve the understanding of the natural history of narcolepsy in pediatric patients. Descriptive statistics on disease characteristics will be performed. The study has 16 active clinical sites and a virtual site that widens participation to anywhere in the United States. For more information about the study or to access the Online Patient Enrollment System, visit the CATNAP website: https://catnap.healthie.net/welcome or email catnap@pulseinfoframe.com. The Online Patient Enrollment System, CATNAP website, can also be found in the references section.

The aim of this clinical trial is to understand the effects of dexmedetomidine and esketamine on postoperative sleep in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does dexmedetomidine or esketamine prevent the development of postoperative sleep disturbances? Which one works better? The researchers compared dexmedetomidine and esketamine with saline (a drug-free solvent) to see if dexmedetomidine and esketamine prevented the development of postoperative sleep disturbances. Participants will: 1. Intraoperative continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine, esketamine or saline until the end of surgery 2. Postoperative sleep was assessed on the first and third postoperative days using a sleep rating scale