Craving is associated with smoking relapse: findings from three prospective studies.
J D Killen, S P Fortmann
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9234050/Actively Recruiting
Led by University of Southern California · Updated on 2026-07-13
45
Participants Needed
1
Research Sites
4 weeks
Total Duration
Researchers are studying how a single 6 mg oral nicotine pouch affects cigarette craving and brain responses to smoking-related cues in adult smokers aged 21 to 55. This study focuses on understanding the immediate effects of oral nicotine pouches, which are non-combustible products, on craving relief and neural activity after overnight nicotine abstinence. The goal is to explore their potential role as lower-risk alternatives for nicotine use. The study involves one baseline screening visit followed by an experimental session. During the experimental visit, participants abstain from nicotine overnight and complete baseline assessments of craving and withdrawal. They then perform a smoking cue reactivity task while brain activity is recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS. After self-administering a 6 mg oral nicotine pouch and waiting 25 minutes for absorption, participants repeat the cue reactivity task and complete additional assessments on craving and product effects. Participants will be assessed for craving changes and brain activity before and after nicotine pouch use. The study includes demographic and tobacco use data collection, nicotine dependence assessment, and head measurements for fNIRS cap fitting. Brain activity is monitored non-invasively during tasks, and participants are observed for discomfort. The main outcomes measured are changes in prefrontal neural responses and subjective cigarette craving following pouch administration.
CONDITIONS
Brain/Craving Response to Smoking Cues After Oral Nicotine Pouch Use
U
USC Nicotine and Tobacco Studies
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University of Southern California
Lead Sponsor
This table compares participation in this trial with other options available for this condition. The information is drawn from published research and the trial’s study details and is provided for educational purposes only.
| Factors | 6 mg nicotine pouch after abstinence | Continued regular cigarette smoking (context) |
|---|---|---|
| What it is | A single use of a 6 mg oral nicotine pouch, self-administered after at least 12 hours of abstaining from nicotine. Participants completed brain activity and craving assessments before and after pouch use. | Usual daily cigarette smoking by adults with moderate to high nicotine dependence, with no intervention or attempt to quit. Represents standard ongoing tobacco use and reactivity to smoking cues as typically experienced. |
| Role in trial | Tested to see how acute nicotine pouch use affects brain activity and craving in smokers after abstinence. | No intervention; this column provides external context, reflecting typical smoking and cue reactions outside the experimental setting. |
| Primary use | Studied for its impact on prefrontal brain response to smoking cues and acute changes in subjective craving, not as a cessation therapy. | Not intended for intervention; continued smoking typically sustains established craving and brain activation patterns in response to cues. |
| How it is given or performed | Participants use one 6 mg nicotine pouch by placing it in the mouth for about 25 minutes following overnight abstinence, then complete brain and craving assessments. | Participants smoke cigarettes as usual, with no imposed abstinence or use of alternative nicotine delivery, and undergo similar cue and craving assessments in observational studies. |
| Evidence status | Effect on brain activity and subjective craving is under study; expected to provide first data on acute neural and craving response to a nicotine pouch in abstinent, dependent adult smokers. | Extensive external studies confirm that standard smokers consistently show craving and prefrontal neural activation in response to smoking cues, with such reactivity linked to higher relapse risk. |
| Important limitations | Trial tests only single acute exposure; results do not establish longer-term effects, withdrawal relief, real-world behavior change, or direct cessation effectiveness. | Ongoing smoking is associated with chronic health risk and does not test any active intervention for craving reduction or harm minimization in a laboratory setting. |
Disclaimer: This comparison is created with the help of artificial intelligence(AI) and may contain errors or missing information. It is not medical advice and does not mean one option is better or safer than another. Clinical trials are still being studied, and joining a trial is your choice. Please consult your healthcare professional before making any decisions.
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Duration - 2 to 4 weeks
Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial.
1 visit (in-person)
Duration - 1 day
Participants complete baseline craving and withdrawal assessments after overnight nicotine abstinence, perform a smoking cue reactivity task with brain activity monitoring, use a 6 mg oral nicotine pouch, wait 25 minutes for absorption, then repeat the cue reactivity task and complete post-use assessments.
1 visit (in-person)
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Masking
NONE
Allocation
NA
Model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Number of Arms
1
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J D Killen, S P Fortmann
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36484137/University of Southern California
Lead Sponsor